Introduction
In Southeast Asia, the relationship between youth and government is becoming a crucial determinant of the region’s trajectory. With over half the population under 30, youth in this region are shaping both the present and the future. Despite the challenges they face, 86% of Gen Zs and 81% of Millennials across the region remain optimistic about achieving a better quality of life in the next five years, particularly in Vietnam (90%) and Thailand (89%). Their expectations, concerns, and aspirations are redefining how governments need to engage, respond, and strategize for the years ahead.
A recent study by Vero Advocacy and Kadence International examined youth attitudes toward governments across Southeast Asia. This research highlights the growing importance of government responsiveness to youth concerns, particularly in areas such as employment opportunities, environmental protection, and the accessibility of affordable housing and healthcare. Trust in government varies across the region, with some countries demonstrating higher levels of youth engagement and confidence while others grapple with transparency issues and civic distrust.
As Southeast Asia grows as an economic powerhouse, its socio-political landscape blends tradition with innovation. Governments are tasked with balancing rapid development, technological advancements, and global pressures while addressing the specific needs of their youth populations. The insights from this study provide a roadmap for governments to realign their strategies, build trust, and ensure that their policies resonate with the younger generation.
Understanding these youth perspectives allows Southeast Asian governments to make informed decisions for present needs and long-term growth. While youth optimism remains high, with over 80% of both Gen Zs and Millennials hopeful about the future, they still face critical challenges in employment, education, and housing affordability that require urgent action.
“Southeast Asia’s youth are not just the leaders of tomorrow; they are the changemakers of today, actively reshaping policies and societal norms to reflect their aspirations for a more equitable and sustainable future.”
Trust in Governance: A Regional Overview
Trust is the cornerstone of any successful relationship, and the dynamic between Southeast Asia’s youth and their governments is no exception. Despite vibrant economies and growing middle classes, youth trust in government varies significantly, affecting policies and political stability.
According to the Vero Advocacy and Kadence International study, 49% of youth across Southeast Asia express trust in their governments, with notable variations between countries such as Vietnam (56%) and Malaysia (42%), reflecting the varying levels of government engagement. These differences suggest that while some countries are fostering a relationship built on trust, others are struggling to engage and build confidence among the next generation.
Trust is closely linked to the perceived safety of expressing opinions. In Singapore and Vietnam, where trust is high, youth feel more secure in discussing their views openly. In contrast, in regions where trust is lower, such as Malaysia and Thailand, there’s a corresponding hesitation among youth to express their opinions freely. This connection between trust and freedom of expression is crucial. A government that encourages dialogue not only garners higher levels of trust but also benefits from a more engaged and participatory youth population.
Governments that succeed in earning the trust of their youth often do so through transparent policies, consistent communication, and active engagement. For example, Singapore’s government has built a strong rapport with its young citizens by maintaining clear communication channels and creating forums for civic engagement. On the other hand, countries, where distrust is more prevalent, must focus on rebuilding these foundations—ensuring that youth feel heard and that their concerns are not just acknowledged but acted upon.
Addressing the trust gap across Southeast Asia will require concerted effort and strategic governance. For countries with lower trust levels, this means prioritizing transparency, eliminating corruption, and fostering an open dialogue with young citizens. By focusing on trust-building measures today, governments can ensure a more stable, engaged, and supportive youth population – crucial for long-term national stability and success.
Employment Opportunities: A Cross-Nation Challenge
Across Southeast Asia, one issue resonates more than any other among the region’s youth—employment. As economies modernize and competition intensifies, young people are anxious about securing stable jobs. The Vero Advocacy and Kadence International study confirms that 76% of Gen Zs and 80% of Millennials identify employment opportunities as their most significant challenge, with particularly high concerns in Indonesia (88% of Gen Zs) and 89% of Millennials.
Despite these differences, the challenge of creating jobs that align with the expectations of a tech-savvy, globally aware generation is shared across the region.
Current Job Market Trends
The job market in Southeast Asia is undergoing a profound transformation spurred by digital disruption and the increasing automation of traditional roles. Industries that were once the bedrock of employment, such as manufacturing, are becoming more automated, shrinking the number of available jobs. In parallel, the service sector continues to grow, particularly in countries like Thailand and Vietnam, where tourism and retail provide substantial employment opportunities. However, these sectors often offer limited long-term career growth or job security, leaving many young people in precarious positions.
Governments recognize the urgent need to adapt. Indonesia, for example, has launched initiatives to support entrepreneurship among youth, aiming to create a new generation of business leaders capable of driving job creation from within. Meanwhile, Vietnam has invested heavily in vocational training programs to prepare its youth for roles in high-demand sectors, such as information technology and digital services.
Futurist Solutions for Youth Employment
Looking forward, governments must embrace a forward-thinking approach to tackling youth unemployment. The future of work in Southeast Asia will be shaped by three major trends: digital upskilling, the rise of the green economy, and the integration of innovation-driven industries.
Digital Upskilling:
As automation displaces traditional jobs, the demand for digital skills is skyrocketing. Governments must invest in programs that equip youth with the tools to thrive in a digital-first economy. Singapore has already set an example with its SkillsFuture initiative, offering training credits to citizens, allowing them to continuously upgrade their digital and professional skills. Other nations, like Malaysia, should look to similar models to close the digital skills gap and ensure their youth remain competitive in the global marketplace.
Green Economy Jobs:
Environmental sustainability is no longer a distant concern; it’s a defining factor of the future economy. Southeast Asia is uniquely positioned to lead the development of the green economy, with vast natural resources and growing awareness of the need for sustainable development. Governments should prioritize investments in renewable energy, waste management, and sustainable agriculture to create a new wave of green jobs. Countries like Vietnam and Thailand are already making strides in this space by promoting eco-friendly business practices and clean energy solutions.
Innovation and Entrepreneurship:
To future-proof their economies, governments must foster innovation and entrepreneurship. By creating an environment that encourages start-ups and innovation-led industries, countries can unlock new job opportunities. Indonesia’s focus on fostering digital entrepreneurship through start-up incubators and government-backed funding is an example of how forward-thinking policies can lead to job creation in new sectors. Thailand and the Philippines should look to bolster similar efforts, investing in innovation hubs and incentivizing tech-based ventures to attract the next generation of entrepreneurs.
“Addressing youth unemployment is not just about creating more jobs—it’s about creating the right jobs. Southeast Asia’s youth are ready to embrace a future where technology, sustainability, and innovation shape their career paths. By investing in these forward-thinking strategies today, governments can ensure that the region’s young people are equipped with the skills, resilience, and opportunities needed to drive long-term economic growth and prosperity.”
Housing Affordability and Urban Development
As Southeast Asia undergoes rapid urbanization, the challenge of housing affordability is becoming increasingly urgent. Cities like Bangkok, Manila, and Jakarta are expanding rapidly as millions of young people move to urban centers for better employment and education. However, this influx places enormous pressure on housing markets, driving up prices and exacerbating income inequality.
The Vero Advocacy and Kadence International study underscores that affordable housing is a top concern for youth across the region. 49% of Gen Zs and 51% of Millennials express concerns about affordability, especially in Singapore, where 71% of Gen Zs rate it as their top issue.
Urbanization has been a double-edged sword for Southeast Asia. On the one hand, it has fueled economic growth, with cities acting as hubs for innovation, commerce, and education. On the other, it has deepened socioeconomic divides, particularly when it comes to housing.
The Housing Affordability Crisis
The data from our report paints a stark picture: across Southeast Asia, youth are struggling to access affordable housing. In Indonesia, where the government has made strides in social housing, nearly 40% of youth still cite affordability as a significant barrier.
Thailand
In Thailand, despite the government’s focus on urban development, nearly half of the youth believe that homeownership is out of reach due to skyrocketing property prices in cities like Bangkok.
Singapore
Even in Singapore, where housing policies are often lauded, youth express concerns about long waiting times for public housing and the rising cost of private housing.
The housing crisis affects affordability and availability. As cities grow, demand for housing outstrips supply, leading to overcrowded living conditions and informal settlements in some areas.
Philippines
In the Philippines, for example, rapid urban growth has led to the proliferation of slums and informal housing, with many young people forced to live in substandard conditions due to the lack of affordable alternatives.
Government Strategies for Housing Affordability
Governments across Southeast Asia must act decisively to address these housing challenges. Several potential strategies can help alleviate the pressure on urban housing markets and ensure that young people have access to affordable, sustainable living conditions:
- Public-Private Partnerships (PPP):
One of the most effective ways to address the housing shortage is through public-private partnerships. By collaborating with private developers, governments can leverage their resources to build affordable housing at scale. For example, Indonesia has introduced several successful PPP models that incentivize private developers to build affordable housing through tax breaks and subsidies. Thailand and the Philippines could replicate this approach, incentivizing developers to focus on low- and middle-income housing projects. - Smart Urban Planning:
Rapid urbanization demands more intelligent urban planning. Governments need to adopt a forward-looking approach that integrates housing development with public transport, infrastructure, and environmental sustainability. Singapore’s urban planning model is a prime example of this, with integrated housing developments that include green spaces, efficient transport links, and access to essential services. Other Southeast Asian countries should look to incorporate similar holistic planning models, ensuring that housing is not only affordable but also well-connected and sustainable. - Affordable Housing Funds and Subsidies:
Governments must also consider creating dedicated housing funds or increasing subsidies for first-time homebuyers. This is particularly important in Vietnam and the Philippines, where youth are struggling to save enough for down payments in the face of rising property prices. Establishing housing subsidy programs for young professionals and low-income families could significantly improve housing accessibility. - Innovative Housing Solutions:
Southeast Asia’s housing challenges require innovative solutions. Modular construction, for instance, offers a cost-effective and sustainable way to quickly build housing units at scale. Governments in Thailand and Indonesia could invest in such technologies to meet the growing demand for affordable housing. Additionally, the concept of co-living spaces, which has gained popularity in Singapore and Vietnam, provides an affordable alternative for young people who are priced out of the traditional housing market.
As Southeast Asia’s cities grow, governments must take proactive steps to address the housing affordability crisis. By fostering public-private partnerships, embracing smart urban planning, and supporting innovative housing solutions, countries can ensure that young people have access to affordable, high-quality living conditions. The choices made today will shape the urban landscapes of tomorrow, and governments have the opportunity to create cities that are not only economically vibrant but also socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable.
Environmental Protection and the Rise of Green Governance
Environmental awareness is now an urgent concern for Southeast Asia’s youth, especially Gen Z. Across the region, young people are demanding that their governments take swift action on environmental issues as the impact of climate change, deforestation, and pollution becomes increasingly visible. The Vero Advocacy and Kadence International study highlights that for many young people in Southeast Asia, environmental protection is as critical as employment opportunities and housing affordability, with 44% of Gen Zs prioritizing environmental protection as a key issue, especially in Vietnam and Thailand.
Gen Z, in particular, sees environmental sustainability as non-negotiable. With global warming, flooding, and air quality concerns regularly making headlines, they expect their governments to adopt bold policies and take decisive action.
Across Southeast Asia, Gen Z is pushing for a future where sustainability is not just an afterthought but is central to governance and economic planning.
The Need for Sustainable Governance
The data is clear: Southeast Asia’s youth are deeply concerned about their future in an environment under increasing pressure from pollution and unsustainable practices.
Vietnam and Indonesia are among the countries where young people rank environmental degradation as one of their top concerns, particularly in urban areas where industrial pollution and poor waste management are rampant.
Thailand
In Thailand, where tourism heavily relies on natural beauty, youth are pressing the government to adopt stricter pollution control measures to protect the country’s ecosystems.
While some governments in the region are taking steps to address these concerns, there remains a significant gap between policy and action. To bridge this gap, governments need to integrate sustainability into the very core of their governance frameworks, ensuring every policy decision is aligned with long-term environmental goals.
Future-Oriented Strategies for Green Governance
To meet the expectations of their youth, governments across Southeast Asia must implement forward-looking strategies that prioritize environmental sustainability. Several key areas are ripe for government action:
Renewable Energy Policies:
Southeast Asia is uniquely positioned to harness renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal power. By investing in renewable energy infrastructure, governments can reduce reliance on fossil fuels while creating new jobs for the younger generation. Vietnam has made strides in this area, becoming one of the largest producers of solar energy in the region. Other countries, like Indonesia and Thailand, should accelerate their renewable energy programs to meet both environmental and employment needs.
Pollution Control Measures:
Pollution, particularly in urban centers like Manila and Jakarta, has reached critical levels. Governments must introduce and enforce stricter pollution control regulations, targeting both industrial waste and vehicle emissions. Thailand has already implemented some policies aimed at reducing plastic waste, but broader measures, including improving public transportation to reduce vehicle emissions, are essential. Countries like Singapore have set the benchmark in air quality control through stringent regulations, which can serve as a model for other nations in the region.
Green Infrastructure and Urban Planning:
Governments must rethink urban development with sustainability at the forefront. Singapore has been a leader in green urban planning, incorporating sustainable architecture, energy-efficient buildings, and green spaces into its cityscape. By adopting similar approaches, other Southeast Asian countries can address the twin challenges of urbanization and environmental sustainability. Expanding green belts, creating sustainable public transport networks, and incorporating energy-efficient infrastructure are essential steps in building the cities of the future.
Youth Engagement in Environmental Policy:
Engaging young people directly in policy-making is critical to ensuring environmental strategies reflect the concerns of the future generation. Governments can create youth advisory councils or platforms where young people can voice their ideas and concerns about sustainability. Indonesia has recently introduced initiatives to involve youth in environmental activism, which not only empowers young citizens but also ensures policies remain relevant and responsive.
Countries Leading the Way in Green Governance
While environmental governance is still evolving across the region, a few countries are taking noteworthy steps:
Vietnam
Vietnam has emerged as a leader in solar energy production, with the government offering attractive incentives for both residential and commercial solar installations. The country’s commitment to renewable energy is setting a precedent for other nations in the region.
Singapore
Often considered the green pioneer of Southeast Asia, Singapore has integrated sustainability into nearly every aspect of its governance. From world-class waste management systems to energy-efficient buildings, the city-state’s green policies have made it one of the most eco-friendly urban environments in the world.
Thailand
While Thailand has made significant progress in pollution control, particularly in terms of reducing plastic waste, there is still much work to be done in terms of air quality and industrial pollution. The government’s initiatives to promote eco-tourism and sustainable agriculture, however, are steps in the right direction.
“Environmental sustainability is non-negotiable for Southeast Asia’s youth, with over 75% calling for stronger policies on pollution control, waste management, and climate action, reflecting their commitment to a resilient future.”
Environmental protection isn’t just a matter of policy—it’s a matter of survival for Southeast Asia’s youth. Governments must act now to integrate sustainability into their governance frameworks, ensuring that future generations inherit a region that is not only prosperous but also environmentally secure. By adopting renewable energy, enforcing stricter pollution controls, and involving youth in policy-making, Southeast Asia can lead the way in green governance, setting an example for the rest of the world.
Transparency and Government Reform: Meeting Youth Expectations
With global connectivity and information accessibility, the demand for transparency in governance has reached unprecedented levels—particularly among Southeast Asia’s youth. For them, transparency is not optional; it’s a prerequisite for trust, engagement, and accountability. The Vero Advocacy and Kadence International study underscores this sentiment, revealing that many young people across the region are losing faith in their government’s ability to act transparently, which in turn erodes their willingness to participate in the political process. Transparency is quickly becoming a pivotal factor in shaping how the region’s governments are perceived and how effective their policies will be.
Governments across Southeast Asia are realizing they can no longer operate behind closed doors. From economic policy to social welfare programs, youth expect openness about decision-making processes, the allocation of public funds, and the measurable impacts of government initiatives. Failure to deliver on these expectations can severely damage a government’s legitimacy, while transparency can be a powerful tool for restoring faith and fostering civic engagement.
Transparency as a Catalyst for Governance Reform
Transparency is more than a buzzword; it’s a mechanism through which governments can rebuild trust with their citizens. In Southeast Asia, the push for greater openness in governance is being driven by digital-savvy Gen Z and Millennials, who are accustomed to accessing real-time information and expect the same level of transparency from their governments. This desire for openness is prompting many governments to rethink their approach to governance, placing transparency and accountability at the heart of their reforms.
Indonesia
One notable example is Indonesia, where the government has made significant strides in increasing transparency. By introducing its e-Procurement system, the Indonesian government has dramatically reduced corruption in public procurement processes, a sector rife with opacity and bribery. This system allows for the monitoring of public tenders and contracts, making it easier for citizens and watchdog organizations to hold officials accountable. This digital reform has not only improved public trust but also demonstrated how transparency can effectively reduce corruption and improve efficiency in government operations.
Malaysia
On the other hand, Malaysia provides a cautionary tale about the consequences of inadequate transparency. The country’s infamous 1MDB scandal—a case involving billions of dollars misappropriated from a state-owned investment fund—sent shockwaves through the region and deeply damaged public trust in the government. The lack of transparency and accountability allowed corruption to flourish, and the scandal had severe political and economic consequences for the country. This example illustrates how failing to prioritize transparency can lead to a crisis of confidence and legitimacy, particularly among the younger, more critical generation.
The Role of Digital Tools in Fostering Transparency
As Southeast Asia’s youth push for greater openness, governments have a clear opportunity to leverage digital tools to enhance transparency and accountability. In an age where technology has become central to everyday life, digital governance tools can bridge the gap between citizens and their governments, ensuring that information is easily accessible and public processes are more open to scrutiny.
Open Data Platforms:
Governments should invest in open data platforms that allow the public to access information about government spending, policies, and performance metrics.
Countries like Singapore have pioneered the use of such platforms, making detailed data on public services available to citizens. By providing access to real-time data, governments can empower their citizens to actively monitor government actions and decisions.
e-Government Portals:
Platforms that enable citizens to engage directly with government services, track policy changes, and access public records are crucial for fostering transparency.
Vietnam has launched an e-Government portal that allows for greater interaction between the government and its citizens, providing a space for feedback and the ability to track the progress of public projects. This system enhances trust by ensuring citizens can see their government in action and hold it accountable.
Blockchain for Public Records:
Blockchain technology, known for its transparency and immutability, offers an innovative solution for ensuring the integrity of public records. Southeast Asian governments could leverage blockchain to secure election processes, manage public procurement, and oversee land registries, reducing the opportunities for fraud or manipulation. By adopting such cutting-edge technologies, governments can send a strong message to their youth: transparency and accountability are non-negotiable.
Social Media and Digital Engagement
The power of social media as a transparency tool cannot be underestimated. In Southeast Asia, where the use of platforms like Facebook and X is ubiquitous, governments can utilize these tools to communicate policy changes, address public concerns, and create open dialogue.
For example, Thailand has seen increasing use of social media by government agencies to provide updates on public initiatives and directly answer citizen queries. This not only improves transparency but also encourages a participatory form of governance where young people feel more connected to the decision-making process.
As the demand for transparency continues to grow, governments across Southeast Asia must recognize that the future of governance depends on openness, accountability, and direct engagement with their youth populations. By integrating digital tools, promoting open data, and fostering real-time dialogue, governments can meet the expectations of Gen Z and Millennials, rebuilding trust and ensuring more effective governance. Transparency is not just about providing information—it’s about empowering citizens to participate, question, and hold their leaders accountable. In doing so, Southeast Asian governments can create a foundation of trust that will serve them well into the future.
Recommendations for Governments Across Southeast Asia
The findings from the Vero Advocacy and Kadence International study reveal a clear message: Southeast Asian youth expect more from their governments in terms of employment opportunities, housing affordability, and environmental protection. To address these core concerns and build a sustainable future, governments must take decisive action across several fronts. Below are key strategies that can help governments rise to these challenges and meet the evolving expectations of their young citizens.
- Invest in Future-Proof Employment Programs:
Governments must prioritize job creation in sectors that are aligned with the future of work, such as the digital economy, green industries, and technology. By offering programs focused on digital upskilling, entrepreneurship, and green jobs, countries can ensure their youth are not only employable but also empowered to drive economic growth. Collaborating with private industries to develop apprenticeships and internships is a practical way to provide youth with hands-on experience in high-demand fields. - Address Housing Affordability with Strategic Planning:
Rapid urbanization has created significant housing shortages across the region, leading to affordability crises, particularly in major cities. Governments should encourage public-private partnerships (PPP) to build affordable housing at scale while ensuring urban planning is smart and sustainable. Introducing subsidies for first-time buyers, especially young professionals, can also help alleviate financial barriers to homeownership. - Promote Environmental Sustainability as a Governance Priority:
Environmental concerns rank high among youth, particularly Gen Z. Governments must integrate sustainability into every aspect of their policies, from infrastructure development to energy consumption. Investing in renewable energy and implementing stricter pollution control measures will not only protect the environment but also create green jobs and foster innovation. Countries like Vietnam and Singapore have made impressive strides in renewable energy, setting an example for others in the region to follow. - Foster Transparency and Youth Engagement in Governance:
Trust in government can only be rebuilt through transparency and inclusiveness. Southeast Asian governments must embrace digital tools such as open data platforms, e-government portals, and blockchain to ensure transparency and accountability. Equally important is the direct involvement of youth in policymaking. Governments should create youth advisory councils or involve young leaders in policy discussions to ensure the voices of the future are heard and acted upon.
A Vision for 2030 and Beyond
Southeast Asia’s governments are standing at a crossroads. The decisions made today will have profound implications not only for the current generation but also for the decades to come. To remain relevant and responsive to the dynamic needs of their youth populations, governments must continuously adapt, innovate, and engage. The world is evolving quickly—technologically, environmentally, and socially—and only those governments that are willing to embrace these changes will thrive.
By addressing the core concerns of employment, housing, and the environment, Southeast Asian governments can foster a sense of trust and shared purpose with their young citizens. But this is just the beginning. The true challenge lies in creating a governance model that is forward-looking, one that anticipates the needs of tomorrow while addressing the pressing demands of today.
The year 2030 and beyond will be shaped by how well governments across Southeast Asia can pivot toward a more inclusive, transparent, and sustainable future. Engaging youth in the decision-making process is not just a strategic move—it is essential for ensuring long-term stability and growth. Governments must proactively shape policies that are data-driven, equitable, and environmentally conscious to meet the aspirations of their young populations.
The future is being written today. Now is the time for governments to listen, act, and lead.
Country Infographics
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Methodology
Objective: To understand Millennials’ and Gen Z’s perceptions and priorities regarding key policy areas in Southeast Asia.
This report presents findings from a collaborative study by Vero Advocacy and Kadence International, focused on capturing the policy concerns and engagement behaviors of Millennials and Gen Z across Southeast Asia. Specifically, the study targeted young adults aged 18 to 41 in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
The study was designed to:
- Assess levels of trust and engagement with local and national governments.
- Measure the importance of various policy areas, including economic security, housing, healthcare, and environmental sustainability.
- Understand youth perspectives on government transparency and openness.
- Examine the role of digital platforms in shaping civic engagement among Millennials and Gen Z.
This study utilized a quantitative approach, employing structured surveys to ensure systematic data collection and analytical depth. Participants were selected through random sampling to create a diverse and representative sample reflecting each country’s demographics by age, gender, education level, and urban/rural residence.
Country-specific quotas were implemented to balance sample size across the different Southeast Asian markets, facilitating cross-country comparisons. The sample sizes were: Singapore (n=250), Malaysia (n=250), Indonesia (n=250), Thailand (n=250), Philippines (n=250), and Vietnam (n=250).
Participants were qualified based on their familiarity with and interest in policy issues affecting youth, with a focus on those expressing moderate to high levels of civic interest. Conducted in September 2024, the 15-minute survey was designed to explore youth priorities in governance, housing, employment, healthcare, and environmental action. Pre-testing ensured the survey’s relevance and clarity in addressing research objectives.
A quantitative methodology was chosen to enable robust data collection across multiple dimensions, allowing for statistical analysis of trends in youth perceptions and behaviors across Southeast Asia. Ethical standards were rigorously followed, with informed consent obtained from all participants and data privacy protections in place to secure personal and sensitive information.
Sample: 1,500
Who: Males and Females aged 18–41 from Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
When: September 2024
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